MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) is actually a single-user, single-tasking computer main system that utilizes a command range interface (CLI).
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It also works as an interpreter among user and computer.
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The term 2 can refer to any operating system, but it is most often used as shorthand for MS-DOS (Microsoft disk working system). Actually developed by Microsoft for IBM, MS-DOS was the standard os for IBM-compatible personal computers.
The first versions of DOS were very simple and resembled one other operating system named CP/M.
Following versions have became significantly sophisticated as they incorporated popular features of minicomputer systems. However , DOS is still a 16-bit operating system and support multiple users or perhaps multitasking. For a while, it has been generally acknowledged that DOS is definitely insufficient intended for modern computer system applications.
Microsoft Windows helped alleviate a lot of problems, but nonetheless, it seated on top of 2 and relied on DOS for many companies. Even Windows 95 sitting on top of DOS. Newer operating systems, such as Home windows NT and OS/2 Bending, do not depend on DOS towards the same level, although they can execute DOS-based programs.
It is expected that mainly because these operating systems gain market share, DOS will eventually disappear. At the same time, Caldera, Inc. markets an edition of DOS called DR-OpenDOS that expands MSDOS in significant ways.
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Components of MS-DOS
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MS-DOS consists of four basics programs and a set of extra utilities. Several main programs are
• Start Record
• IO. SYS
• MSDOS. SYST
• COMMAND WORD. COM
What is BOOTing?
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It is just a process that starts up a computer.
That checks intended for proper functioning of all of the peripheral equipment attached with the system. It searches for the operating system and, when located, loads that into the working memory. OR
When the computer is definitely switched on, the firmware put in Read Simply Memory(ROM) also known as Basic Input-Output System(BIOS) states programs and data my spouse and i. e. Operating-system and lots it into memory (RAM). This process is well known Bootstrapping(Booting). The OS when loaded will take control of the pc, handles consumer interaction and executes program programs. BOOTing Sequence
During Booting method, computer a lot the os into its recollection. DOS booting involves studying following data files into memory namely IO. SYS, MSDOS. SYS, and COMMAND COM.
The Basic Input/Output Program (IO. SYS): This program provides user interface between the equipment devices and software of the system. It will take care of its keyboard counterpart input, figure output to monitor, end result to printer and moments of the day. The File and Disk Director Program (MSDOS. SYS): It contains the file management and the disk buffering administration capabilities. This keeps track of all the disk get of an program program and remains permanently in memory.
The Order Processor (COMMAND. COM): Additionally it is called command interpreter. Is it doesn’t program that displays the machine prompt and handles ui by doing the order typed in by user applying keyboard. The CONFIG. SYS file: This file is made up of reference to device drivers which are loaded the moment OS usually takes control of the computer. This device individuals are required intended for configuring operating system for jogging special equipment.
The AUTOEXEC. BAT document: This is a particular batch program that is immediately executed when the system is started out. It can be used to define tips, define the way that MS-DOS uses to find files, screen messages around the screen and so forth It will be accomplished only if it exists in the root index or the diskette from which the machine is loaded. Each time the machine is started, MS-DOS completes the directions stored in AUTOEXEC. BAT data file. One can work it with out restarting the system by keying AUTOEXEC with the command quick.
Warm and COLD Reboot
Moving over on of the computer from Power off and packing the operating system is called “Cold Boot”. This kind of generally starts with memory test and chips initialization. There may be case when the computer system is already about or has hanged up and we want to reboot the system. This is known as “Warm Boot” and is also done by hitting ctrl+alt+del keys simultaneously or perhaps by important “Reset” switch on the system.
Naming DOS directories and files
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There are two identity in 2 and is split up into 2 parts.
1 . Primary Brand
installment payments on your Secondary Identity or extension.
Main name is definitely separated from your Secondary name/ extension by making use of a dot (. ) look at the next example.
Example: ENVOICE. TXT
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Primary brand can be coming from 1 to eight characters long.
Extra name includes 3 or perhaps less than a few characters and is also optional. The extension tells DOS about what kind of file it is.
A legitimate Character to get naming a file are: via A to Z and the digit zero to being unfaithful
Types of DOS commands
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C: \>Is known as DOS order prompt, in which we give the commands. DOS command broken into 2 parts.
1 ) Internal Commands or Memory-Resident Commands
2 . External Command or Disk-Residence Instructions
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Any instruction provided to the computer to do a specific activity is called command word. The DOS has a lot of commands, each for a particular activity and these are stored in 2 directory around the disk. The commands are of two styles:
(a)Internal Instructions: These are in built directions of MS-DOS i. elizabeth. these are stored in Command interpreter file (COMMAND. COM). These types of commands reside in the memory as long as the equipment is at the device prompt(C: \>) level. To use these types of commands zero extra /external file is necessary. E. g. DATE, TIME, DIR, MIRAR etc . They are also called Recollection Resident Directions. These commands are quickly loaded in to the computer‟s memory space during the boot-up process. They actually included in the Command word. com record. So these commands
are executable immediately after having the DOS prompt.
Example: mkdir, cd, rd, copycon etc .
(b) External instructions: These are distinct program (. com) data files that stay in DOS directory and when performed behave just like commands. An external command provides predefined format. for elizabeth. g. SUPPORT, DOSKEY, BACKUP, RESTORE, FILE FORMAT etc . They are also called Disk-Resident Commands. These types of commands aim at special purpose. These are seen in separate data files on Hard Disk or Floppy Disk, therefore they don‟t typically ingest valuable memory space. They are packed into memory only when named.
Example: xcopy, move, doskey etc .
Microsoft Disk Main system
Introduction to the Operating Systems:
An Operating system can be software that creates a connection between the Consumer, Software and Hardware. Costly interface involving the all. Every one of the computers require basic application known as an Operating System (OS) to work. The OPERATING SYSTEM acts as a great interface between the User, Software Programs, Equipment and the System Peripherals.
The OS is the first application to be packed when a personal computers starts up. The whole application courses are filled after the OPERATING SYSTEM. Whenever a credit card applicatoin needs information it requests the OS which in turn questions the System clock on the mainboard. User treats the computer through the OS after that OS interprets inputs provided by a user throughout the Keyboard, Mouse button or various other input gadget and usually takes appropriate actions.
An Operating System could be of 3 Types:
Single Customer
MS-Dos, MS-Win 95-98, Win-ME
Multi End user
UNIX, Cpanel, XENIX
Network
Novel Netware, Win-NT, Win-2000-2003
1 . One User:
In the event the single consumer os is definitely loaded in computer’s recollection; the computer can be
able to handle one end user at a time.
2 . Multiple user:
If the multi-user operating-system is loaded in pc’s memory; the computer would be
in a position to handle multiple user at the same time.
3. Network:
In case the network operating system is loaded in pc’s memory; the pc would be ready
to handle more than one computer for time.
Command Fast Interface:
Operating System provides a text centered interface named command quick. From the command prompt instructions can be given to perform document and disk management also to run program. Results of these commands are presented for the user because text message.
C: \>The command prompt can be an buchstabenfolge followed by a single colon (: ), one particular back reduce (\), one greater than indication (>) and a single blinking element called cursor (_).
Wherever C:
signifies the Travel letter (Current Drive)
\
represents the present folder as well as Directory
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represents the conclusion of the Quick and
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blinking factor (represents the Cursor)
Constantly a cursor position makes a decision that the current typed letter from the keyboard will appear upon that position.
The operating system (OS) is definitely the first software that must be loaded into the memory space of your PC before you can make use of it for any program. You can start your personal computer with disk operating system (DOS) or some other operating system such as Windows ninety five, 97, 98 or House windows NT that could be installed inside the Hard disk. With this chapter, we shall discuss the basic facilities accessible in DOS. In order to MS-DOS and go through the majority of the text succumbed this and the next two chapters.
Should your computer is running under windows 95/98 or Glass windows NT, carry out the following steps to switch to MS-DOS, otherwise move to section installment payments on your 1 .
Click the begin button inside the taskbar and press the windows logo key to open the start menu then click programs in the start menu.
Glass windows displays this program submenu.
In the software menu click MS-DOS Fast and your display displays a window which contains MS-DOS Fast, such as “C: \windows>_”.
If you love you can also restart your computer in MS-DOS function by using the subsequent steps:
o Close any available programs
o Click on the Start Switch in the TaskBar or Press the Windows Logo Step to open the Start Menu.
o Click “restart in MS-DOS Mode” and then click OK.
Wait for a while and your PERSONAL COMPUTER restarts in MS-DOS Function.
After your computer starts in MS-DOS Method or windowpane, skip another section and move to section 2 . installment payments on your
What is a File?
In computer terms, file can be described as collection of textual content or info stored on the storage device, like a Floppy Disk or Hard drive. If you a new comer to computers, it might sound a lttle bit complicated. Well, a computer data file is very little different from a conventional paper file that you must include used, or at least seen being utilized.
Just as you stored different types of documents (invoice, letters
reminders, memos etc . ) in conventional data files, computer files too retail store information.
File Name
Each document is given a name in order that it can be reported later. This name is referred to as Filename. The filename in DOS may be up to 8 alpha-numeric heroes long. Also it can also have a period (. ) then an extension brand. The extension identity the up to three character types long. For instance, consider the subsequent filename:
REPORT2
PROGRESS. DOC
Here REPORT2 is a filename. This filename does not have an extension identity – „DOC‟. The use of action name in a filename is optional.
Nevertheless , the extension term helps in organising and determining a file. For example „DOC‟ may possibly suggest that this can be a document file; and „COM‟ may claim that is a command file. If you utilize an extension name with a filename, normally you need to specify the entire file name, normally you need to specify the whole file name (i. at the. including the extension name) when using it with DOS commands. While naming files, you can use the following heroes in filename:
A- Unces, a- z, 0 – 9, @, #, money, %, ^, &, -, _, , `, ~, ( )
You cannot work with other personas, such as coma (, ) colon (: ), semicolon (; ), \, /, etc . in filename. Moreover, you cannot employ space in filenames. Some examples of broken file names are:
Filename
Explanation
SALE two
Contains space
PROGRESSER
Includes more that eight personas
MY, File
Contains interruption
CHAP_01. DOC3
Extension identity contains much more than 3 heroes
If you use a lot more than eight personas in the filename or more than three heroes in the expansion name, DOS may instantly truncate the filename simply by removing extra characters. Additional, some document names, such as COM 1, COM a couple of, LPT1, com and PRN are reserved by DOS for its individual use. Therefore , do not employ these names to name the file. As well, remember that all DOS program programs which include Word, Exceed, WordStar, Bbase III AS WELL AS AND Sibel Pro the actual same record naming conference.
WHAT IS A Directory site?
You may already know, the memory space of the hard drive is usually quite large (10 MB to a couple of GB). You may store plenty of data files in your hard disk. Even the capability of a floppy disk is definitely large enough to maintain many files. A directory site is only a named section of a storage device, including hard disk, floppy disk. Basically, to organize data file on hard disk drive or floppy disk, they are divided into numerous segments (sections), called web directories.
You can store any number of data in every directory. The directory helps to organise the file in an efficient fashion. Using sites in a storage area devise is similar to keeping different types of files within an office in separate drawers of a submitting cabinet.
For instant, Xyz Company may well keep all sales documents in the initial drawer, almost all purchase documents in the second drawer and employees‟ data in the third drawer of your filing case. In the same way, when XYZ Business computerizes it is operation, it may store most sales data in the SALES listing, all obtain files in the PURCHASE directory and employees‟ documents in the EMPOLYEES directory.
Similarly, the user Raj Kumar may well keep his personal files inside the RAJ directory site and the secretary of XYZ Company may store the letters inside the LETTERS or perhaps DOC index.
Like a record name, the directory name can also possess up to 8-10 alpha-numeric character types. The directory site name could also have and extension name up to three or more characters very long. However , normally, the extension identity is not used with the directory term.
When you start your PC, it usually responds with „C: />‟ and selects the primary or the root directory of any drive. Any file that you make or copy to drive C is added to this root directory site. If you carry on and add data in the main directory, after having a few days, the root directory will have too many documents. This will not simply confuse you, it will also make the PC slow. The LAPTOP OR COMPUTER may take very long to locate or perhaps open the files in the event there are too many files within a directory. To assist you should try to work with directories (and sub directories) in your hard disk
DOS constantly creates a main directory in each tale device. You are able to create fresh directories inside the root listing of the hard disk or floppy hard disk drive. You can retail outlet files during these directories. In addition, beside data files, each directory can also include directories. Individuals, the file and listing organization in DOS looks like the beginnings of a woods, as present in number 2 . 1 . here, the basis directory in drive C is made up of if you documents in two directories – WORD and EXCEL.
The term directory consists of a few data files as well as a directory TENDER. Sometimes, the second level directory (TENDER in this case) is called sub-directory. The root listing contains another directory – EXCEL. This directory contains a few files and two web directories – PRODUCT SALES and EMPLOYEE. Both these internet directories contain data.
At any level inside the directory structure, can be produced. For example , another directory, say FOXPRO index may have files and also more web directories. If you want, you can remove data files from any kind of directory or even more files to another directory. You may also delete a great enter directory. Comments to repeat, move, rename and erase files and also to create and change directories happen to be discussed notice in this section. Additional data file and directory site comments happen to be discussed in the next chapter.
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